Unlike other ghettos, however, all aspects of daily life were ruled directly by the ghetto administration ( Judenrat) and its head, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski. Like other ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, the inhabitants of the Łódź ghetto suffered from horrendous living conditions and were forced to support the Nazi war-effort through manual labor. Within a few months of the Nazi invasion, the Germans established a ghetto in the northeastern section of Łódź and all of the city’s Jews were forced to move there. It was the second largest Jewish community in Poland, and one of the largest in the world. At the outbreak of World War II, the Jewish community of Łódź, Poland numbered nearly 200,000, roughly 30% of the city’s population.
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